Case studies of spinal cord injury patients treated with CD34+ and mesenchymal stem cells harvested from human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly and cord blood, animal studies using mesenchymal stem cells, immunosuppression requirements in allogeneic stem cell treatments, intrathecal and intravenous administration of autologous bone marrow stem cells in spinal cord injury patients, and the role adult stem cell trophic factors in tissue regeneration.